Motivation Theory Essay - 1743 Words

Six Recommendation on Motivation theory The Goal of this Article is to analyse the various Motivation Theories for employees in the workplace environment. It attempts not to just present yet another theory of work motivation, rather focusing on metatheory which is the processes through which we can build more valid, more complete and more practical theories. The authors of this article have drafted six recommendations that they believe and feel that are the best. It is in their view a combination of facts that can lead to better understanding of employee motivation factors and effective methods of management. Recommendation 1 : Using the results of the existing meta-analyses to Integrate the valid aspects of different extant†¦show more content†¦The article gives the examples of Jack Welch CEO of General Electric who was the first to coin the term â€Å"boundary-less organisation† as a result of frustrations that knowledge that was not shared between the myriads of divisions at GE. According to this line of thinking it is clear that work motivation theory needs to be extended and further developed within areas other than isolated task performance settings. Motivation theory should be applied in a Individual employee point of view as well as a team point of view. This is due to the fact that some issues might occur in a group setting but not be a issue when it’s dealing with a single employee. For example the article refers to Social Loafing that is a occurrence that is sometimes seen in a group situation. As managers or leaders its important to gather knowledge fr om these different settings and the challenges, but be mindful not to generalise these experiences. They can be situation specific. In my own personal work experiences I find the lack of knowledge and experience sharing very frustrating. I have noticed that during my time at my current organisation sharing of knowledge and Interaction of ideas between departments have decreased remarkably. I can understand the frustrations felt by Jack Welch CEO of GE since I strive to share and merge knowledge and see it as essential to the organisation and employees whenShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Motivation And Motivation Theories1493 Words   |  6 Pagesextent, needs of theories of motivation are still relevant to contemporary management practice. Theories of motivation are important as it helps managers to understand their employees’ needs of motivations, and to motivate their employees to perform and excel better. There are several motivation theories; this essay will briefly explain six major theories of motivation and discuss three of the theories in more detail. This essay will also explain the needs theories of motivation, and will focus onRead MoreMotivation Theory : Motivation And Motivation846 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Jones Psychology April 28 2016 Motivation Theories Having motivation to do something is very important. Motivation plays a huge roll in everyone’s life, even If someone has very little motivation. There are several types of motivation such as Instinct and drive motivation. These two motivations are quite similar, but different at the same time. I will compare and contrast both of these types of motivation and what I think about them. These motivations are very important to your life and canRead MoreMotivation Theories Of Motivation And Motivation Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages Overview of Presentation What is motivation? Cognitive theories of Motivation Forms of Motivation Motivation Theories Profile of Motivational Problems How to Motivate Students What is Motivation? Many different theorists have tried to define what is meant by motiviation. Urdan and Schoenfelder (2006) defined Motivation as follows: â€Å"Motivation is a complex part of human psychology and behavior that influences how individuals choose to invest their time, how much energy they exert in any givenRead MoreMotivation And Theory Of Motivation1464 Words   |  6 PagesIt is suggested by psychologists that motivation can be understood as a technique that works as a model that starts and maintains behaviours. The reason we all act or do something is caused by motivation; it is related to the emotions, biology and the social factors that influence behaviour. It is usually a term used to explain why an individual will do something, the reasons behind that action. Moreover, The term motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1401 Words   |  6 Pages Schools of thought in relation to motivation refer to the theories developed by different psychologists to explain motivation in dept. it is crucial to understand motivation and the factors that cause it since it contributes to achievement of one’s goal and desires in life. Therefore, motivation can be described as the process of enticing an individual through a reward to increase the occurrence of a specified behavior in an organization. Different factors can be used as motivators in an organizationRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1010 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation is defined as an act or process that inspires and stimulates a person to be an effort to achieve a goal. It not only puts employees in act, but also makes them feel interesting with their job. As a result, most of employees are feeling satisfaction with their job, becoming creativity, innovation and productivity as well. However, to successful in motivating the staff is required an appropriate met hod that meets with all staff’s need. Otherwise, it is seems to useless in driving the employeesRead MoreMotivation Theory And Expectancy Theory Of Motivation1742 Words   |  7 Pagesplace. This problem mainly occurs in organisation when there is lack of motivation, lack of organisational justice, negative culture and low morale. The purpose of this case study is to give brief view about, why employees had to face these problems and how to make positive culture and what and where the changes are required for the WA force. This report introduces MARS motivation theory and Expectancy theory of motivation for improves officers’ behaviours towards force, with that how can they fillRead MoreMotivation Theories And Motivation Of Employee Motivation Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol and some that are not. Employee motivation is something that can directly affect an organizations production. It is no secret that un-motivated employees equates to un-productive workers, but how can we combat this? In order to better understand this concept we will look at the definition of employee motivation, some of the motivation theories and some motivation techniques that could be useful in our organizations. What is employee motivation? Motivation is a word used quite often in many differentRead MoreMotivation Theories1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe four motivation theories are Biological theory, Psychosocial theory of motivation, Biopsychosocial, and Achievement theory. Everyone has their own motivation in life for continuing education, and career choices. Each person also has Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic is an internal motivation for self satisfaction. Extrinsic is an external motivation, or reward for a person’s accomplishment. Motivation Theories: Linda was motivated to go back to school because she wanted an educationRead MoreMotivation Theories1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Motivation is the will and desire that a person has to engage in a particular behaviour or perform a particular task† (Lawley King, P269). In life motivation will be needed to enhance the workforce in various ways, many organisations will use motivation to increase the percentage yield of an individual or to make an individual feel a part of the business or organisation. Incentives have a huge influence on behaviourist extrinsic approach. In addition other aspects; humanist theorist, intrinsic

Educational Policies For Students With Learning...

One of the main goals of education is to include students with learning disabilities in general education. This means that it is critical for general educational teachers to meet the needs of a diverse group of students with various learning styles and performance levels. Peer tutoring is an instructional learning strategy that allows educators to assist a diverse group of students. (Hughes Fredrick, 2006). Peer tutoring is not a new concept, but it has been empirically shown to be an effective one. Educational policies such as inclusion have made public school classrooms more diverse. According to recent literature, peer tutoring increases academic performance and improves social skills in students with disabilities. A great number of general education teachers’ lessons are designed for children of average academic performance. This means that children that perform below or above average have needs that are not met. Learning with the assistance of peers through tutoring not only helps students with social skills, but also improves the classroom so it caters to the academic needs of a broader range of children (Fuchs, Fuchs, Burish, 2000). Background Peer tutoring dates back to 1797 with Andrew Bell’s system, based on cross-aged tutoring. Since then, classrooms have become age-separated. Today, student classrooms are grouped by age, but are diverse in many other ways. General education classrooms are now including both students with and without disabilities. Over theShow MoreRelatedEducational Policies For Inclusive Education1701 Words   |  7 Pagesideological perspectives. In order to examine the policies surrounding inclusive education in Canada it is first necessary to understand the specific question at hand, who will be affected by the policy issue, as well as who has the power to make changes to this policy issue. Once there is a clear understanding of the issue and stakeholders, digging deeper into the opposing ideologies that surround the issue present the state of Canadian inclusion policies in education today. The Question AccordingRead MoreHow Legislation and Policies Influence Education in Australia 1009 Words   |  5 Pagesschools are faced with many diverse students of different abilities and backgrounds. To ensure equity and fairness among students, policies and legislations have been put into place to ensure diversity is being catered for and that no student is being excluded from the education system. Some of these policies and legislation include: The Disability Discrimination Act 1992, The Salamanca Statement, Disability Standards 2005, Inclusive Education Statement, Disabilities Services Act QLD 2006 and the MelbourneRead More The Individuals with Disability Education Act Policy Essay example1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which is a supersession of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 is a federal law which requires states and their school districts to provide individuals with disabilities a free and appropriate educatio n. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. US Department Of EducationRead MoreLegal Framework Supporting Inclusive Education1632 Words   |  7 PagesSUPPORTING INCLUSIVE EDUCATION. The International Year of Disabled Persons in 1981 and the United Nations Decade of Disabled People 1983-1992 led to major breakthroughs globally in the recognition of the rights of PWDs and in realization of international policies/framework to protect those rights. One of these rights is the right to education. This right is enshrined and reasserted in various international documents . The Statement and Framework for Action from the World Conference on Special Needs EducationRead MoreTheme 1: Legislation. The Irish Constitution Enshrines1521 Words   |  7 PagesState must ensure that children with disabilities have equal opportunities to participate fully in education through the removal of barriers that impede the realisation of their rights. International agreements and legislative provision for those with disabilities have witnessed considerable development. Worldwide, as people with disabilities challenged the stigmatising and limiting nature of segregated education, issues of equality of access and educational opportunity gained impetus. The SalamancaRead MoreImproving Student Participation Is A Matter Of Importance1543 Words   |  7 Pagesclassroom we come across student diversity in terms of ability, ethnicity and learning needs. Ensuring student participation is a matter of importance, since children are at times deprived of equal right to use inclusive education from early childhood through to adulthood. Inclusive education means eliminating the distinction between special and regular education and giving equal opportunities despite their level of disability. It implies that providing educational facilities to students with additional educationalRead MoreLeadership, Organization And Administration1529 Words    |  7 Pagesleaders, who promote a vision that all students will learn using IDEA and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), ensure that the needs of children with disabilities are met while improving educational outcomes. As with economics as John F. Kennedy coined, â€Å"A rising tide lifts all†, therefore improving the instructional policies and practices in the special education classroom ensures the benefit of all students. Today, schools must provide students with disabilities appropriate access to the general curriculumRead MoreSpecial Education Policy. Morgan Gill. Grand Canyon University.1284 Words   |  6 Pages Special Education Policy Morgan Gill Grand Canyon University EDU 535 Instructor: Kimber Underdown March 1, 2017 Special Education Policy There have been several reforms in the past 100 years that have had an influential effect on policy in special education. Some of these changes have left a positive legacy for future education legislators to build from while others have been detrimental to a student’s educational success. All having positive and negative outcomes, some of theseRead MoreInclusion Has Been A Major Topic Between Educators And1576 Words   |  7 Pagesa major topic between educators and parents of special needs children for years. Many believe that it would a good idea to educate general education children in the same classroom along with special needs children, including those with multiple disabilities. And then there are many that believe special education and general education can actually can be accomplished in one classroom along with one general education teacher and one special education teacher working together , teaching the same curriculumRead MoreHandbook Of Leadership And Administrat ion For Special Education992 Words   |  4 Pagescritical issues in special education leadership. The first section focuses on general topics related to leadership for learning. These areas include the importance of raising the performance of all students in an era of accountability, historical and conceptual issues in leading and administrating special education, professional leadership standards, and the development of educational leaders. Crockett, Billingsley, and Boscardin (2012) assert that these are the foundation for understanding the context

Bother and Harmonium Free Essays

Jonah Dusauzay Harmonium and Brothers The most obvious similarity of Harmonium and Brothers is that they have no rhyme scheme, which is a very common practice in contemporary poems and makes the writing feel less restrictive and much more human. In the two poems the description of the relationship is actually explained at the final stanza while the previous stanza appears to set the scene and happen to reflect the speakers thoughts, such as how the harmonium in Harmonium has ‘soft wood case’ and ‘yellow the fingernails of its keys’ which is actually explaining the son’s deep down worries of how his father is slowly ageing Harmonium appears to have a somewhat nostalgic and worried tone compared to Brothers more regretful tone this is due to the narrator in Harmonium appearing to be struggling to come to terms with the fact that his father will eventually leave him, and when his father does point this out ‘he is too starved of breath’ which shows both the closeness of the relationship and the love the narrator has for his father. Brothers is a complete opposite of this, with the poem being written in second person it makes the narrator appear to be reflecting on the past; there is a sense of deep regret in the writing also, as the writer explains how he is unable ‘to close the distance. We will write a custom essay sample on Bother and Harmonium or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’d set in motion’ which may reflect the narrator recalling a childhood memory about his brother that he is now estranged from. Both in Harmonium and Brothers the use of imagery is prevalent, in Brothers the use of imagery is shown from the start with the way the narrator describes how he is ‘Saddled’ with his younger brother , which makes the reader appear resent the fact that he has to be with him. The use of imagery in Brothers is also used to reflect the characters contrasting emotions through the choice of verbs, were the younger brother ‘skipped’ and is ‘spouting six year old views’ shows the jubilance and enthusiasm of being with his older brother, yet the older brother ‘sighs’ and ‘strolls’ showing he is quite annoyed and irritated of his brothers presence. Harmoniums use of imagery is more metaphorical than Brothers, it is used to reflect the past with the intricate details of the harmonium being described as having ‘smokers fingers’ and how the ‘organists feet’ has worn down the ‘treadles’ showing an association with the past and a possible longing for it , so that he can have more time with his father . Harmonium and Brothers both have an overriding theme of inevitability, with the worry the son has in Harmonium of his father dying and in Brothers the inevitability of the two brother drifting apart is shown by how the narrator is ‘unable to close the distance. I’d set in motion’ which is due to the fact the narrator is three years older than his brother and seems to choose his friends over his own sibling. How to cite Bother and Harmonium, Essay examples

Essay On Global Setting Escobar- Free Solution at Myassignment Help!

Question: Write an Eassay on Escobar's Thesis on Global Warming? Answer: Escobars Thesis On Global Setting Introduction The New Global Mission by Samuel Escobar give theories and theologies according to this point of view. There are many proactive elements (Escobar, 1991) attached with his theology proposed by Escobar. It was highly bend towards Christian theology combined with the new forms of missions and contexts of globalization. Some of the major biblical theology of missions are discussed thoroughly in his theories. The following report would give an insight into the theologies of Escobar and thereafter will have an inherent insight into the comparisons done with the theories of other experts in the field such as Barth and Moltmann. The contextual approaches will be deeply researched in the context of Bible, Salvation, Christ, Holy Spirit, God and Church (Escobar, 1982). The main theme is to have an insight into the significant amount of southern shift of the center of gravity of Christian. Escobars Thesis Escobars thesis helps the common man to understand that how God is taking help of the two third part of the world covering Latin America, Africa and Asia to spread forward his mission (Escobar, 1985) to the world. He gives insights into the matter of how the mission of Christianity is totally the responsibility of the global church and the center of gravity of the Christianity has shifted from the world of West to the world in South. The theology by Escobar provides a deep history of missions to describe new context of missions such as globalization, post modern times and post Christian era (Escobar, 2003). Escobar gives a view of the roles that are played by the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit in the spreading of Gods mission to spread the importance of scriptures, partnerships and services given in the service of the God. Escobar have researched upon exploring the new realities of the world that is globalized and have an assess to the changing missions of secularism and syncret ism. In the book, The Gospel from everywhere to everyone the history of millenniums about the Christianity and Church (Cook, 1994) is described in the book. The first millennium is overpowered by the Eastern Orthodox Church which was majorly dominated by Christianity. The second millennium had a rise of Western Church culture. The third millennium in the contemporary world have seen a rapid movement of prominence from West to South Church. The Christian missionaries have formed a network and a holistic global force. The key topics of extensive research are marketing methodologies, globalization, holistic mission, host of other contemporary issues, contextualization, paternalism, postmodernism, and migration movements. This book is the introductory history of the profound missions of the global perspective in terms of Christianity. It gives a broader understanding of some of the prominent and fundamental issues that have come as challenges of the present times and the future time for the global mission of spreading words and message of Christianity. Escobar provides a deep and contextual review of all the historical developments that are practiced by the Church. He vividly gives some of the fundamental and core reasons for the mission of Christianity and along with citing the case when Jesus is the central theme of the mission and evangelism of the message of Christians. The core of gospel is regarded as incarnation of Gods son. He gives a message that God being the savior wants all of his men (E scobar, 2002) to have an in depth knowledge of truth and save them all. The central focal point of attention of the theology of Escobar is the organizational system and the structures of missions that are used by the Church in all the times from history. Other phases of emphasis of Escobars theology is having a clear indication of rapid development and expansion of growth of the church in the world of developing nation. His studies show that Western church are on a decline but the church which are prominent in the third world nations are gaining much of a control over the religion as well as gaining dominance over the Christian world (Carroll R, 2000). The post Christian and post modern world of Christianity are thoroughly discussed throughout the book. He believed in the active presence of the God in the world, the active presence in the human history by the means of the people he have called or sent in the world, and God being at the heart of the mission. These Christian missions are the transforming services and forces that provide practical models fo r missions. Theology of Karl Barth Karl Barth believed that the Christian theology in its true essence must derive the entire thinking process about God, sin, man, ethics and society from what can be seen and observed in Jesus Christ as he was witnessed in New Testaments and Old Testaments (Kng, 1988). These ethics are not derived from independent sources of revelation. Barth did not believe that Bible was the actual word from the side of the God and he did not even believe that every word described in Bible was true. Bible was seen by him as purely a human book being written by the people having all the forms of human failings. But on the other hand, for him Bible was the source of revelation and this period of globalization, Bible is not regarded as a purely god form rather it is regarded as teaching of god from the side of humans (McCormack, 1997). His theology is mainly focused over neo orthodoxy and crisis theology. This is regarded as the theory of crisis and the personhood of god was revealed from the two ideas that is the notion of gods revelation in the form of Jesus Christ and another being the metaphor of tangent. It is one of the larger attempt to reintroduce the classical Christian concerning to the theological discussion. The major theology focuses upon Trinitarian focus. Theology of Moltmann The theological principles by Moltmann are guided by Theology of Hope, The Crucified God and The Church in the Power of the Spirit (Moltmann, 1993). He corroborates the ideas with the Catholics, Jews and orthodox Christians to have a greater understanding of the Christian theology believing in inter ecumenical. His theology is remarked as the theology of Kingdom of God build over eschatology. The theology is the doctrine of the end based over universal glory. The theology was bound to Christ and hence have a hope of the resurrected Christ. He believed that a proper form of theology could have been constructed in the light of all the future goals aspired for it. Hope is the factor that strengthens the faith and directs the beliefs towards the new creation of things. According to the liberation theory, he felt that there is a need of reconciliation for both the oppressed and the oppressor. He believed that human suffering is not just a quality of the salvation and all the sufferings of the humans are important to the god. Moltmann believed in the perichoresis of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Conclusion This book presented by Escobar is a very informative text presenting the biblical fundamentals of the missions and the new realities by the Christian religion. The challenges of globalization in the present times as well as the future is extensively discussed in the book at a deep level. The theology of Barth is not completely coherent with the theology of Escobar but the theories given by Moltmann realtes with the theory of Escobar believing in the same forces of father, Son and the Holy Spirit. References Escobar, S. (1991). Evangelical Theology in Latin America: The Development of a Missiological Christology.Missiology: An International Review, 19(3), 315-332.Escobar, S. (1982). Beyond Liberation Theology: Evangelical Missiology in Latin America.International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 6(3), 108.Escobar, S. (1985). Liberation Theology.The Quiet Revolution, 226-227.Escobar, S. (2003).The New global mission: The Gospel from everywhere to everyone. InterVarsity Press.Cook, G. (1994).New face of the church in Latin America: between tradition and change (No. 18). Orbis Books.Escobar, S. (2002).Changing tides: Latin America and world mission today. Orbis Books.Carroll R, M. D. (2000). Blessing the Nations: Toward a Biblical Theology of Mission from Genesis.Bulletin for Biblical Research, 10, 17-34.Kng, H. (1988).Theology for the third millennium: An ecumenical view. Doubleday Books.McCormack, B. L. (1997).Karl Barth's critically realistic dialectical theology: its genesis and develop ment, 1909-1936. Peterson's.Moltmann, J. (1993).Theology of hope: On the ground and the implications of a Christian eschatology. Fortress Press.

Metaphysics Essays - Philosophy Of Science, Metaphysics, Ontology

Metaphysics Bringing "metaphysical mind set" into my life has been a tremendously rewarding experience. It made me realize that most often humans have propensity for getting by something with the least possible expenditure of thought because thinking appears to be hard and burdensome to them. However, tackling something with a minimum of thought is like driving in twilight with no lights on. According to Heidegger, it is a downright hindrance to pure objective employment of one's intellect, which amounts to no more than an impediment to an enhancement of one's cognitive powers. I view science as the primary means of learning about life. Science becomes our passion when we realize that it is the grounds for our existence. However, man's cognitive processes are based on his or her perceptions where human five senses are the only tools for acquiring data from the outside world. Sadly enough, all scientific systems people created tend to be incomplete and full of paradoxes since it's impossible to get out of oneself to see the world in itself, that is the way the world truly IS. Hence, it would be reasonable to conclude that humans do not have the accurate and the true knowledge of the natural laws comprising the Universe. Nevertheless, science improves as better and more accurate data is extracted from the outside world with humans developing sophisticated technology as means of obtaining more precise scientific data. Thus, as science and technology get more advanced, humans become conscious of metaphysical problems they had never encountered. From this standpoint, I believe that science and metaphysics have the common goal but different ways of reaching that goal. Metaphysics and science go hand in hand in their evolution. It's greatly fascinating for me to regard myself as a metaphysical object full of mysterious unexplored intrinsic methods to cognize the unsolved systems inside and outside of us. Every achievement offers several options of going a particular direction. For example, one can use technology the way the ancient Greeks meant it to be used, particularly utilizing the sense of the word techne. On the other hand, one can degrade oneself perverting the original purpose of the technology advancement. Thus, I assume that one can legitimately view human progress in all fields of science and humanities as a recursive process deepening and broadening the tree structure of various paths humans can take to achieve their goals. It implies that more metaphysical questions will arise in the future as the progress goes on. One might argue that metaphysical questions appear born, emerge out of nothingness without having previously existed in nothingness. Being a soft determinist, I am personally inclined to believe that all the metaphysical questions that have arisen, arise, and will arise had previously existed. They do not appear born. We simply become aware of them as we advance our evolutionary realization of the world's complexity. We merely find ways of extrapolating them from the world in itself, from the true world outside of us. All in all, metaphysics reveals itself to me as an unquenchable urge to be ushered unto the noble and innovative task of getting in tune with actuality. It's not a new religion, neither is it a system created by men. Rather, it constitutes an intrinsic desire to know the truth, to choose the impartial path devoid of prejudice, bias, or preconceived notion. Choosing this path requires a certain level of maturity, and I candidly hope that in the future I can truly call myself a metaphysician, which is not a profession, but a way of life.

Final Destination 2 Critique essays

Final Destination 2 Critique essays Final Destination II is a sequel of Final Destination, which hit box offices about four years ago. In Final Destination Devon Sawa has a vision that the plane he and his classmates are on is going to blow up. He ends up saving many people, and the plane did blow up. The whole movie ends up being about a group of friends (survivors) trying to beat death, at he end of this movie the only survivor is Rivers. Final Destination II starts off with a girl named Kimberly, who sees a vision of a terrible accident that she and a group of people will be involved in. In order to stop this terrible act, she blocks off the road so the group of people can't get on the freeway, which will later prevent an accident. While death is not easily thwarted and her friends are wiped out in the crash, she is saved by a policeman. They form the core of nine strangers, many of whom initially don't believe Kimberly's warnings that the incident recalls the first film's much-publicized deadly weirdness. The first one to go is a very happy lottery winner who doesn't believe a word Kimberly said. Convinced that death is out to get her and the others Kimberly seeks the help of Rivers the only survivor of last years plane crash incident. Voluntarily Rivers is in an institution to prevent herself from any accidents, and when Kimberly asks her for help she clearly doesn't volunteer, but later decides to help. Kimberly and Rivers rally up the group after the death of another victim and they contact a man that works at a morgue who knows about cheating death. After this the group is looking for the woman who would have been involved in the accident that was pregnant (thinking that a newborn life will cheat death). While looking for this woman, terrible accidents happen and the group is left with only Kimberly and the policeman. They end up finding this woman and she has the baby, but this isn't the way to cheat deat...

Female Genital Mutilation Comparing Two Primary Source Articles Essay

Female Genital Mutilation Comparing Two Primary Source Articles - Essay Example The two articles; "Wanjiku: Life of A Traditional Woman" by Jean Davison and "National Bodies, Unspeakable Acts: The Sexual Politics of Colonial Policy Making" by Susan Pedersen have given great insight into the myriad aspects of the custom and the controversy surrounding it. Indeed, both the articles have made it clear that female circumcision had not only cultural significance but the political connotations of the issue had superseded its relevance or non relevance in Kenya, especially in the early and mid twentieth century. It was the time when female circumcision was an intrinsic part of socio-cultural dynamics of Kenya which had become synonymous with the identity of Kikuyu. As can be adjudged by Wanjiku's narration, the inhabitants were deeply rooted in the way of life the "Gikuyu" (i.e the cultural community) proposed. A very strong joint family structure was prevalent and their entire life was concentrated within their circles. Having said so, the custom of Irua which could be a barbaric vestige to our perception was as natural for them as a harvesting season festival or a wedding. The Irua was a custom of central significance to the Kikuyu life. The public ceremony marked a new phase in the life of women, it bonded those who were "initiated" very strongy and established a hierarchical structure in the community. Sir Grigg observed in one his letters to Sidney Webb at the Colonial Office," This faction, through its ill-advised attitude, done more than anything else to delay the emancipation of Kikuyu womanhood".1 Though there was some element of truth to this statement, I believe it is important to target the heart of the matter itself. What led to Irua or Clitoridectomy to occupy such an important position in the life of Kikuyu members in the first place What is the heart of the matter The real trigger As described in Pedersen's text, Historians have sidelined in detail how the estrangement and settlement of white population pockets," the establishment of adjoining "native reserves," the construction of a system of "tribal" authority often at odds with earlier political structures, and the deliberate use of taxation and legislation to restrict Africans' freedom to grow cash crops and to coerce them into wage labor left many Kikuyu with little of their "traditional" life, except perhaps the still-powerful rituals of clitoridectomy and male circumcision." 2 Not surprisingly, Irua became synonymous with Kikuyu pride and thus gained momentum as a tradition that signified national pride. The many sides of the coin The nationalist sentiments on the basis of this custom were fanned as the custom was not allowed to remain confined to the community. It soon catapulted into the pivot around which colonial and nationalist arguments and revolutions were based. While on one